概述
Titanium powder is a versatile metallic material valued for its unique combination of high strength, low density, corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. As a powder, titanium facilitates advanced manufacturing techniques like metal injection molding (MIM), additive manufacturing (AM), hot isostatic pressing (HIP), and powder metallurgy (PM) pressing and sintering to create complex titanium components.
Key applications for titanium powder include aerospace components, medical implants, automotive parts, sporting equipment, chemical processing, and consumer products. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of titanium powder, including production methods, alloy compositions, characteristics, properties, specifications, applications, and global suppliers. It aims to assist engineers, product designers, and technical program managers in selecting and using 钛粉.
Production of Titanium Powder
Titanium powder is produced using the following primary methods:
钛粉生产方法
- 气体雾化 – High pressure inert gas disintegrates molten titanium into spherical powder
- 等离子体雾化 – Titanium electrode arcs create ultrafine spherical powder
- Hydriding/Dehydriding – Titanium hydride powder (TiO2) is dehydrided into fine powders
- 机械铣削 – Ball milling breaks down titanium chips into irregular particles
- 血浆球体化 – Irregular powder melted in plasma to produce spherical shapes
Gas atomization and mechanical milling are most common, creating spherical and angular powder shapes respectively. Additional screening, conditioning, and blending create application-specific particle size distributions.
Compositions of Titanium Powder
While commercially pure 钛粉 are available, most powders for industrial uses contain small amounts of alloying elements:
Common Titanium Powder Compositions
| 合金 | 主要合金元素 | 主要特点 |
|---|---|---|
| CP Titanium | 99.5%+ Ti | 卓越的耐腐蚀性 |
| 钛-6Al-4V | 6% Al, 4% V | High strength, heat treatable |
| 钛-6Al-7Nb | 6% Al, 7% Nb | High strength, biocompatible |
| Ti-555 | 5% Al, 5% Mo, 5% V | Heat treatable, machinable |
| Ti-1023 | 10% V, 2% Fe, 3% Al | High strength, good ductility |
Aluminum, vanadium, and niobium are common additions to enhance strength and workability. Trace boron, carbon, iron, and oxygen also appear.
Alloying tailors microstructure, hardness, machinability, and other properties while retaining excellent corrosion resistance.
Characteristics of Titanium Powders
Key characteristics of titanium powder include:
Titanium Powder Characteristics
| 特征 | 典型值 | 重要意义 |
|---|---|---|
| 颗粒大小 | 10 - 150 微米 | Sintering behavior, surface finish |
| 粒子形状 | Spherical, angular, dendritic | Powder flow and packing density |
| 表观密度 | 1.5 – 4.0 g/cc | Pressing and handling behavior |
| 水龙头密度 | 2.5 – 4.5 g/cc | Indicator of compressibility |
| 霍尔流量 | 25 - 35 秒/50 克 | 粉末流动性 |
| 点火损失 | 0.1 – 0.5 wt% | Oxygen and moisture content |
| Pyrophoricity | 无 | Flammability and handling precautions |
Particle size distribution and powder shape significantly impact powder flow, compaction, sintering response, and density of pressed and sintered parts. Apparent density indicates powder compressibility.
的特性 Titanium Powders
Key titanium powder properties include:
Titanium Powder Properties
| 物业 | Pure Ti | 钛-6Al-4V | 钛-6Al-7Nb |
|---|---|---|---|
| 密度 | 4.5 克/立方厘米 | 4.43 克/立方厘米 | 4.52 g/cc |
| 拉伸强度 | 240 MPa | 930 MPa | 900 MPa |
| 屈服强度 | 170 MPa | 860 MPa | 825 MPa |
| 伸长率 | 24% | 10% | 15% |
| 弹性模量 | 102 GPa | 114 GPa | 105 GPa |
| 硬度 | 80 HB | 334 HB | 321 HB |
| Heat Capacity | 522 J/kg·K | 526 J/kg·K | 527 J/kg·K |
| 导热性 | 7.2 W/m·K | 7.2 W/m·K | 6.7 W/m·K |
Alloying with aluminum, vanadium, and niobium enhances strength and hardness significantly. Specific properties depend heavily on final microstructure.
钛粉的应用
Key applications for titanium powder include:
Titanium Powder Applications
| 行业 | 用途 | Key Reasons |
|---|---|---|
| 航空航天 | Structural components, turbine blades, fasteners | 高强度重量比 |
| 医疗 | Orthopedic implants, dental implants, surgical tools | Biocompatibility, corrosion resistance |
| 汽车 | 连杆、阀门、弹簧、紧固件 | Light weighting, performance |
| 化学 | Tanks, pipes, valves, pumps | 耐腐蚀性 |
| 体育用品 | Golf clubs, bicycles, helmets | Strength, tailored mechanical properties |
| 石油化工 | 井下工具、井口部件 | Strength, corrosion resistance |
Titanium’s unique properties make it attractive for reducing weight in aerospace components while maintaining mechanical integrity in extreme environments.
Excellent biocompatibility and corrosion resistance drive usage in orthopedic and dental implants. The ability to tailor titanium’s properties facilitates sporting goods with specialized performance characteristics.
Specifications for Titanium Powders
Titanium powder compositions and quality are defined by various standard specifications:
Titanium Powder Standards
| 标准 | 范围 | 颗粒大小 | 纯净 | 化学 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ASTM B348 | Grade 1-4 unalloyed Ti powder | -635 mesh | 99.5%, 99.9%, 99.95% Ti | O, C, N, H limits |
| ASTM B801 | Ti-6Al-4V alloy powder | -635 mesh | Ti, Al, V composition ranges | Interstitial limits |
| ISO 23301 | Additive manufacturing Ti powder | 10-45 微米 | 99.5%+ Ti | O, N, C, H, Fe limits |
| AMS 4992 | Aerospace grade Ti-6Al-4V powder | -150 mesh | Ti, Al, V composition ranges | Interstitial limits |
These define acceptable levels of alloying additions, impurities like oxygen/nitrogen/carbon, particle size distributions, and other test methods relevant for different applications.
全球供应商 Titanium Powders
Many major corporations produce titanium powders along with smaller regional manufacturers:
钛粉制造商
| 供应商 | 生产方法 | 材料 | 能力 |
|---|---|---|---|
| ATI Metals | 气体雾化 | Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-1023, pure Ti | Wide alloy range, large volumes |
| 普莱克斯 | 气体雾化 | Ti-6Al-4V, CP Ti | Small lots, rapid delivery |
| 木匠添加剂 | Gas atomization, hydride-dehydride | Ti-6Al-4V, Ti-6Al-7Nb, pure Ti | Custom alloys, small lots |
| AP&C | 等离子雾化 | CP Ti, Ti alloys | Ultrafine 10-45 micron powder |
| 泰克纳 | 血浆球体化 | Ti-6Al-4V, CP Ti | Convert chips into spherical powder |
| Baoji Hanz Titanium | Hydriding | CP Ti, Ti-6Al-4V | Low costChinese producer |
Many supply both standard and custom alloy compositions. Some provide toll processing of scrap and chips into powder.
Selecting Titanium Powder
Key considerations for selecting titanium powder include:
- 合金成分 – Balances desired properties like strength, ductility, hardness
- 纯度 – Affects mechanical properties and microstructure
- 颗粒大小和形状 – Influences powder flow, density, surface finish
- 表观密度和敲击密度 – Indicates compressibility and sintering response
- Chemical compatibility – For service conditions like acids or salt water
- 取样程序 – Representative testing of powder lots
- 质量认证 – ISO 9001, AS9100, etc.
- 技术专长 from powder producer
Samples builds and prototypes help qualify new alloys and powders for a given application. Work closely with reputable suppliers to obtain well-characterized titanium powder for optimal results.
常见问题
What is the benefit of plasma atomized titanium powder?
Plasma atomization produces very spherical, flowing particles typically 10-45 microns in size. This allows excellent sintered density and surface finish.
What causes titanium powder to be pyrophoric?
Pyrophoric titanium powders ignite spontaneously in air. This is caused by extremely small particle sizes below 10 microns which greatly increase surface area and reactivity. Use inert gas handling for pyrophoric powders.
How does particle shape influence titanium powder properties?
Spherical powder flows well and provides higher and more uniform density and mechanical properties. Irregular powder offers better green strength and compressibility but less predictable shrinkage.
What post-processing can improve titanium powder reuse?
Screening, milling, and thermal treatments allow reuse of off-spec powders. Plasma spheroidization converts chips and coarser particles into spherical powder feedstock.
What standards apply to additive manufacturing of titanium parts?
ASTM F3001-14 covers characterization and quality control of Ti alloy powder for AM. ASTM F2924-14 gives standard test methods for evaluating mechanical properties of AM titanium.
Can you 3D print a titanium and steel composite structure?
Yes, some metal 3D printing processes transition between titanium and stainless steel alloys within one part by precise material switching to build bimetallic components.
结论
Titanium powder provides engineers great flexibility to build high performance components thanks to the metal’s unique properties. Careful selection of powder characteristics and close collaboration with experienced suppliers enables optimal results across many critical applications. Ongoing advances continue to expand the capabilities, quality, and cost-effectiveness of titanium powder metallurgy processes.
