금속 적층 가공을 위한 SLM

목차

Overview of Selective Laser Melting

Selective laser melting (SLM) is a powder bed fusion metal 3D printing process that uses a laser to selectively melt and fuse metallic powder particles layer-by-layer to build up fully dense parts.

SLM 기술의 주요 특성:

특성설명
재료Metals like stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, nickel alloys
Laser typeFiber, CO2, or direct diode lasers
분위기Inert argon or nitrogen atmosphere
ResolutionCapable of fine features down to 150 μm
정확도Parts within ±0.2% dimensions or better

SLM enables complex, customizable metal parts for aerospace, medical, automotive, and industrial applications.

선택적 레이저 용융의 작동 원리

The SLM printing process works as follows:

  • 3D model sliced into 2D cross-section layers
  • Powder spread over build plate in thin layer
  • Laser selectively scans layer, melting powder
  • Melted powder solidifies and fuses together
  • Build plate lowers and new layer spread on top
  • Process repeats until full part built up

The unfused powder provides support while building up the component. This enables complex geometries without dedicated support structures.

슬름

Types of Selective Laser Melting Systems

There are several SLM system configurations:

시스템세부 정보
Single laserOne high power laser for melting
Multi laserMultiple lasers to increase build speed
Scanning systemGalvo mirrors or fixed optics
Metal powder handlingOpen systems or closed powder recycling
Atmosphere controlSealed build chamber filled with argon or nitrogen

Multi-laser systems offer faster builds while closed-loop powder handling improves efficiency and recyclability.

Materials for Selective Laser Melting

Common metal materials used for SLM include:

재질혜택
알루미늄 합금Lightweight with good strength
티타늄 합금높은 중량 대비 강도 비율
스테인리스 스틸Corrosion resistance, high toughness
공구강높은 경도 및 내마모성
니켈 합금High temperature resistance
코발트크롬Biocompatible with good wear

A range of alloy powders enables properties like strength, hardness, temperature resistance, and biocompatibility needed across applications.

Applications of Selective Laser Melting

Typical applications of SLM metal printing include:

산업애플리케이션
항공우주Engine components, lightweight structures
의료Custom implants, prosthetics, instruments
자동차경량 부품, 맞춤형 툴링
산업Lightweighting components, end-use production
석유 및 가스Corrosion resistant valves, wellhead parts

SLM enables complex, custom metal parts consolidated into one piece and optimized for weight and performance.

Benefits of Selective Laser Melting

Key advantages of SLM technology:

혜택설명
복잡한 기하학Unlimited design freedom for organic shapes
부품 통합Assemblies printed as one single component
사용자 지정Easily adapted to produce custom parts
경량화격자 구조 및 토폴로지 최적화
Material savings감산 방식에 비해 낭비 감소
후처리May require support removal and surface finishing

These advantages enable higher performing end-use metal parts at competitive lead times and costs at lower production volumes.

슬름

Limitations of Selective Laser Melting

Limitations of SLM include:

Limitation설명
부품 크기Restricted to printer build volume, typically under 1 m3
생산성Relatively slow production rates limit high volumes
후처리May require support removal, machining, finishing
이방성Mechanical properties vary depending on build orientation
표면 마감As-printed surface is relatively rough
Operator expertiseRequires extensive printer experience

The technology is best suited for low to medium production volumes of complex metal parts.

SLM Printer Suppliers

Leading SLM system manufacturers:

회사Notable Systems
EOSEOS M 시리즈
3D SystemsDMP series
GE 애디티브X Line 2000R
트럼프TruPrint 1000, 3000
SLM 솔루션SLM 500, SLM 800
레니쇼AM500, AM400

Machines range from smaller build volumes around 250 x 250 x 300 mm up to large 800 x 400 x 500 mm systems for high productivity.

Selecting an SLM 3D Printer

Key considerations when selecting an SLM system:

팩터Priority
빌드 볼륨Match to required part sizes
Supported materialsNeeded alloys like Ti, Al, stainless, tool steels
불활성 가스 시스템Sealed, automated argon or nitrogen handling
Laser technologyFiber, CO2, or direct diode lasers
Scanning methodGalvo or fixed mirror scanning
분말 처리Closed-loop recycling preferred

The optimum SLM system provides the materials, build volume, speed, and powder handling features required for the applications.

SLM Facility Requirements

To operate an SLM printer, the facility must meet:

  • Electrical power levels 20-60 kW typical
  • Stable temperature around 20-25°C
  • Low humidity below 70% RH
  • Particulate control and metal powder handling
  • Inert gas supply and venting
  • Exhaust filtration for released particulates
  • Monitoring systems for atmosphere
  • Strong personnel safety procedures

SLM systems require substantial infrastructure for power, cooling, powder handling, and inert gas delivery.

SLM Printing Process Parameters

Typical SLM printing parameters:

매개변수일반적인 범위
레이저 파워100-400 W
스캔 속도100-2000 mm/s
레이어 두께20-100 μm
해치 간격50-200 μm
스팟 사이즈50-100μm
Scanning patternAlternating, rotated for each layer

Precise adjustment of these parameters is required to achieve fully dense parts for each alloy powder.

SLM Design Guidelines and Limitations

Key SLM design guidelines include:

Guideline이유
Minimum wall thicknessAvoid heat buildup and warping
Supported overhangsPrevent collapse without supports
Avoid thin featuresPrevent melting or vaporization
Orient for strengthOptimize for load direction
Minimize support useSimplify post-processing

The SLM process imposes geometric requirements like overhang angles and minimum feature sizes that must be accounted for.

SLM Post-Processing Requirements

Common post-processing steps for SLM parts:

프로세스목적
지원 제거Remove auto-generated supports from software
분말 제거Clean remaining powder from internal passages
표면 마감Improve surface finish and roughness through machining
스트레스 해소Reduce residual stresses through heat treatment
열간 등방성 프레스Improve density and reduce internal voids

The level of post-processing depends on the application requirements for tolerances, surface finishes, and material properties.

Qualification Testing for SLM Parts

Typical qualification tests for SLM components:

테스트 유형설명
밀도 분석Measure density compared to wrought materials
기계적 테스트Tensile, fatigue, fracture toughness tests
MetallographyMicrostructure imaging and defect analysis
화학 분석Check composition matches specification
Non-destructiveCT scanning or X-ray inspection for voids

Thorough testing ensures SLM parts meet requirements before being put into production applications.

장점 SLM 기술

Selective laser melting provides key advantages:

  • Complex, organic geometries not possible with casting or CNC
  • lighter weight structures through topology optimization
  • Part consolidation into single printed components
  • 감산 방식에 비해 낭비 감소
  • Customization and rapid design iterations
  • Just-in-time production of metal parts
  • High strength and hardness approaching wrought materials

These benefits make SLM suitable for producing high value, low volume parts on-demand across industries.

Challenges of Adopting SLM Printing

Barriers to adoption of SLM include:

도전 과제Mitigation Strategies
High printer costLeverage service bureaus, validate ROI
재료 옵션New alloys in development, specialty suppliers
Process knowledgeTraining programs, learning curve
표준Part qualification protocols being developed
후처리Automated processes under development

As the technology matures, these barriers are being reduced through improved materials, equipment, training, and standardization efforts across the industry.

The Future of Selective Laser Melting

Emerging trends in SLM technology:

  • Larger build volumes above 500 x 500 x 500 mm
  • Multi-laser systems for faster build rates
  • Expanded alloys including high-temperature superalloys
  • Improved powder recyclability and handling
  • 자동화된 지원 제거 및 사후 처리
  • Hybrid manufacturing combining AM and CNC
  • Specialized software for design optimization
  • Standardization of process parameters and part qualification

SLM systems will continue advancing in terms of build size, speed, materials, and reliability to meet production needs across more industrial applications.

슬름

Summary of Key Points

  • SLM selectively fuses metal powder with a laser for full density 3D printing
  • Powder bed fusion process capable of fine details and complex geometries
  • Suitable for aerospace, medical, automotive, and industrial applications
  • Uses metals like stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, and nickel alloys
  • Provides benefits of part consolidation, customization, lightweighting
  • Requires controlled atmosphere and robust powder handling systems
  • Significant post-processing may be needed on printed parts
  • Leading technology for low to medium volume production applications
  • Ongoing improvements in materials, build size, speed, and quality
  • Enables high performance printed metal components

Selective laser melting will continue growing as an industrial manufacturing solution for customized metal parts on-demand.

자주 묻는 질문

질문답변
What materials are compatible with SLM?Most weldable alloys like stainless steel, titanium, aluminum, tool steel, nickel alloys, and cobalt-chrome.
SLM 부품의 일반적인 정확도는 어느 정도인가요?Dimensional accuracy around ±0.2% is achievable for most geometries.
What post-processing is required?Support removal, powder removal, surface finishing, stress relieving, and hot isostatic pressing are common.
What are common SLM defects?Porosity, cracking, layer delamination, warp, poor surface finish, unmelted particles.
What types of lasers are used in SLM?Fiber lasers, CO2 lasers, or high-power diodes are commonly used.

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개요 금속 분말 물 분무는 적층 제조를 비롯한 다양한 응용 분야에 사용되는 고품질 금속 분말을 생산하기 위해 제조 산업에서 널리 사용되는 기술입니다.

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